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PCB contamination comes from many sources including transport, handling, storage and manufacturing.  The most common examples of PCB contamination are varied. They include fingerprint oils and salts, flux residue. Also, tape or other adhesive residue, solder balls, and even some inks or chip bonder.

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The smaller, more densely populated circuit boards required for this new generation of technology are making the issue of managing faults, quality and product longevity highly challenging. The use of miniaturized PCBAs (printed circuit board assembly) is making circuit board cleaning more difficult. Cleaning is essential to ensure a trouble-free performance. If not cleaned effectively, contaminated PCBAs can fail in the field, resulting in malfunctioning devices, extensive product recalls and costly warranty replacements.

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Today productivity is particularly important to every company to be able to be responsive and produce quickly to deliver to customers as quickly as possible. Manufacturers are interested in all possible methods of accelerating production. In the 1980s, UV curing process started to be used through a chemical formulation (including photo initiators), a polymerization reaction (curing) is carried out via the UV light received by the substance (liquid). The main advantage of this technology is the speed of polymerization, a few seconds are sufficient! The advantage can be substantial, especially in terms of storage, because at the end of the production line you can handle the products  so they can be packaged and sent directly to the customer. The size of industrial lines can be reduced by replacing IR ovens (3 to 6 meters long used for solvent based materials) with significantly shorter UV ovens (0.8 to 2 meters) that will consume less energy. UV curing technology is booming in the electronics market, but it is still in its infancy.

Several hurdles have slowed its development.

First, it was related to the shadow areas on some PCBs where the coating can penetrate but not receive any UV light, limiting its polymerization. 

The purchase of a new oven with new technology can also be a hurdle, as the electronics industry often favours proven technologies that have decades of testing and feedback. Nevertheless, different players (chemical and equipment manufacturers) are pushing UV technology, to draw studies and feedback from experiments, because the market and industry are moving in the direction of this technology for the different curing processes in electronics.

The ABchimie laboratory has been able to develop UV dual cure conformal coating materials that meet the constraints and standards of the electronics market to protect your PCBs using a faster process and with a lower environmental impact. 

As a reminder UV curable conformal coating material do not contain solvents, so there is no VOC (Volatile Organic Compound).

Nowadays there are two technologies for the UV curing processes: mercury lamps or UV LED lamps. So how to choose? 

Here is some information about both technologies:

Mercury lamps are the most proven systems, cheaper (lamps alone) and still represent 80% of the UV curing market (any industry). In the long term, as environmental standards evolve (REACH for example), they will surely disappear (by 2030/2040). UV LED lamps first appeared in the early 2000s and began to have sufficient UV power (for industrial UV curing applications) in the early 2010s.

What is a Mercury lamp? 

The operating principle is the following: a current pass through the gases in the arc tube, and by ionizing the photons then light will be emitted. The wavelength will depend on the gases present in the lamp. Mercury is often present in the form of “small beads” and when heated will end up in the gas state to mix with the other inert gas present in the tube. There are also lamps doped with iron or gallium. This depends on the wavelengths and the spectrum of light you want to get. For example, the spectrum of a gallium doped lamp is close to the spectrum of a UV LED lamp (around 400nm).

Around the lamp, optical reflectors focus the rays at a certain working distance to optimize optical power. You need to know this distance to optimize your UV curing process. You should think about cleaning reflectors frequently so as not to lose too much optical power because of the dirt on the reflectors. They are also tasked with recovering the rays emitted in the wrong directions, because the emission is 360 degrees to recover the maximum of the optical flow.

The lifespan of a mercury lamp varies from 600 to 2000 hours. Knowing that a mercury lamp needs a heating time that can vary from a few minutes to more than 10 minutes, this generates periods when the mercury lamp is on but is not used. It should be kept in mind that mercury lamps are not made to be turned on and off frequently, this is what damages and weakens them, shortening their lifespan.

The light spectrum of a mercury lamp is often wide, meaning that several wavelengths are emitted, UVA, UVB and UVC. UVC is a powerful (and dangerous) UV ray that facilitates UV curing of chemical formulations. They will particularly help with the surface cure of the conformal coating. But these rays will split the oxygen molecules present in the air (O) to create ozone (O2, harmful and dangerous gas), so an ozone extraction system is necessary in the curing equipment.

The efficiency of a mercury lamp is in the order of 5%, which means that, for 100W consumed, only 5W are converted into optical power. In addition, since the mercury lamp has a wide spectrum, only a portion of the wavelengths emitted are useful for the UV curing reaction. The visible wavelengths emitted are not used for polymerization. Also 70% of the power emitted is infra-red, it is “direct heat emission”, which can weaken certain electronic components or sensitive plastic parts.

The power of a mercury lamp decreases over time depending on its use, which means that it must regularly control its power to be sure that the dose in millijoules is sufficient to ensure correct and sufficient curing. This is a constraint to be considered in the choice of a technology.

The price of a mercury lamp is rather attractive (a few hundred euros), but this system requires a lot of maintenance and users must have in mind that it is necessary to replace the lamps quite frequently. REACH standards and other environmental standards that do not promote the sustainability of this technology must also be considered.  In addition, the integration of a mercury lamp into an equipment requires an extraction system and temperature management that can be quickly binding.

Figure 2 : Mercury lamp spectrum

What is a UV LED lamp ? 

Figure 3 UV LED lamp diagram

The operating principle is the following: a current pass through the semiconductor materials. The electrons passing from one junction (N and P) to another, will lose energy which will create a photon (active zone) and thus emit light. For this technology, it is the choice of semiconductor materials that will determine the wavelength emitted by the LED. A UV LED lamp, therefore, is an electronic system that includes several LEDs (sometimes thousands) depending on the size of the emission window and the optical power you want to obtain. For example, a 395nm UV LED lamp means that all UV LEDs used are the same and that their main property is to have their emission peak at 395nm.

For a UV LED curing reaction, the chemistry must be properly dedicated to the wavelength emitted by the system, because if all the optical power sent does not correspond to the wavelength of the photo initiators, the polymerization reaction will not start. 

For a UV LED system, working distance can sometimes be problematic. Indeed, there is not always (it is optional) optical system to reduce optical power losses for long working distances. If the UV power is too low, the chemical reaction may also not be fully completed. ABchimie and its partners have worked hard to offer more efficient chemical solutions and UV LED lamps to keep great flexibility on your UV LED curing processes.

The lifespan of a UV LED lamp is in the order of 20,000 hours, this represents just over 2 years of use 24 hours a day and 7d/7d, knowing that LED technology ON/OFF flexibility, this allows its use only when needed. There is no heating time (a few hundred microseconds), so you can turn on your UV LED lamp only when there is a curing material that goes under the lamp. In relation to a production, these “just over 2 years” can easily transform in 5 years or more, without maintenance or replacement of the UV LED lamp.

The spectrum of a UV LED system is often very narrow (for example, a main peak at 395nm plus or minus 10nm), often in UVA. These are the least dangerous UV, but because of their power, they do remain dangerous. There is no creation of ozone because there is no presence of UVC. The heat stress emitted is also less important because there is no IR emitted by this type of UV LED system.

The efficiency of a UV LED system is around 30%, which means that for every 100W consumed, 30W are optical power, normally used directly for UV curing, because the chemistry is adapted to the wavelength emitted by the LED lamp. 

To measure an UV LED system, all you need is a radiometer calibrated in the wavelength emitted by the UV LED system. The irradiance and energy directly used for the curing process is measured. The measurements are repeatable and stable. The UV LED system loses little or no irradiance over time. It is a guarantee of safety.

The price of a UV LED lamp is often higher than a mercury lamp system: the order of magnitude is several thousand of euros. This price is to be linked to, its lifespan, its energy gains, its flexibility ON/OFF, its low maintenance and its low environmental impact. The integration of this type of lamp does not pose any problem and allows users to dispose of ovens at competitive prices.

Here is a summary of the pros and cons of the two UV technology types built into equipment compared to the more well-known IR furnace technology:

These new technologies allow us to rethink production lines and their processes.

UV curing applications in electronics do not stop at conformal coating materials. There are also UV resins or UV gels available to form barriers before the coating is applied, thus preventing the coating from migrating under components or on areas of the PCBA which should not be coated. For the curing of resin cord or gel, UV LED technology has several advantages. Indeed, a UV LED spot can be mounted allowing an almost immediate curing of the material after application. It is simple and effective.

However, it is necessary to keep in mind the hazards related to these UV rays to offer well-secure and ergonomic machine/material couples for general users and electronics manufacturers. The evolution of chemistry and technologies will move towards greener technologies with low-temperature UV LED curing processes, without VOCs.

For this purpose, the company PPE (Product Process Expertise) has developed a lamp that the company MStech, via SMT Worldwide, already offers equipment, meeting these strict requirements and allowing, through a differentiated process, to cure materials even at distances up to 20cm height. We were able to test this equipment and the results are stunning. It gives a stable process with a well thought out equipment with options that allow the traceability of each PCB. A real high-tech equipment to see.

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